Code-switching can be defined as the use of more than one language, variety, or style by a speaker within an utterance or discourse, or between different interlocutors or situations (Romaine, 1992:110).
Code-switching is changing event from one code to another. For example, at first someone uses Indonesian language, and then he/she switches into Javanese. This event manifests in switch of regional, social, style and register variants. In code-switching, the use of two or more languages is marked by:
(a) Each language still supports its own functions based on the contexts;
(b) Each language function is based on relevant situation with contexts change.
Reasons Speakers Use Code-Switching
The first of these is the notion that a speaker who may not be able to express him/herself in one language switches to the other to compensate for the deficiency.
Secondly, switching commonly occurs when an individual wishes to express solidarity with a particular social group.
In some situations, code switching is done deliberately to exclude a person from a conversation. It is seen as a sign of solidarity within a group, and it is also assumed that all speakers in a conversation must be bilingual in order for code switching to occur. Bilinguals do not usually translate from the weaker language to the stronger one.
Code switching can be used in a variety of degrees, whether it is used at home with family and friends, or used with superiors at the workplace.
Types Of Code-Switching
Code switching can be classified as follows:
1. Inter-Sentential
In inter-sentential code switching, the language switch is done at sentence boundaries. This is seen most often between fluent bilingual speakers. For example: If you are late for the job interview, işe alınmazsın.
2. Intra-Sentential
In intra-sentential code switching, the shift is done in the middle of a sentence, with no interruptions, hesitations or pauses indicating a shift. The speaker is usually unaware of the shift. Different types of switch occur within the clause level including within the word level. Some researchers call it also code mixing. For example: You are sleepy coğu zaman, because you spend a lot of saat in your bed.
3. Extra-Sentential
There is an insertion of a tag from one language into an utterance that is in another language. For example: Turkish students use some boundary words like ama (but) or yani (I mean) while speaking English.
Example :
The teacher gives a dialogue to the students, which includes a Turkish statement which the students don’t know the English meaning. And he gives the English form of the sentence in parenthesis to show the meaning of the new word.
Joselyn: Babs, Babs, Oh there you are!
Babs: Calm down. What’s the rush?
Joselyn: Sana söylemek için can atıyorum. (I’ve been bursting to tell you)
Babs: Tell me what? It’s obviously got you excited.
Jocelyn: Well, Heather just told me that Mandy has dumped Gordon and got a new boyfriend.
Babs: Oohh, fancy that. Who is he?
The teacher wants his students to learn the meaning of the new word burst.
Code-mixing is the phenomenon of mixing a second language into the first language, mixing foreign languages into native language structure. Based on this simple definition, the phenomenon of code-mixing is not necessarily involve a foreign language. Regional languages are also used as code-mixing with the national language.
Factors of Mixed codes:
Mixed code does not appear because of the demands of the situation, but there are other factors involved in it.
Factor role
Which includes roles are social status, education, as well as the group of participants or speakers speak the language.
Factor Speakers
Speakers sometimes deliberately mix the code language because they have the intent and purpose. Speakers sometimes perform code-mixing between one language into another language because of habit and your relaxation.
Some Code-mixing Forms
- Elements inserted in the from of words, example : in Indonesian language can be found “Mangka seringkali sok ada kata-kata seolah-olah bahasa daerah itu kurang penting”.
- Elements inserted in the form of phrases, Example : in Indonesian language can be found “Nah, karena sudah kadhung apik sama dia ya tak teken".
- Elements inserted in the form of busters, Example: Banyak klap malam harus ditutup, Hendaknya segera diadakan hutanisasi kembali.
- Elements inserted in the form of reduplication, Example: Sudah waktunya kita menghindari backing-backingan dan klik-klikan.
Conclusionthe code mixing and code switching is different:
“Code-switching is the mixing of words, phrases and sentences from two distinct grammatical (sub)systems across sentence boundaries within the same speech event… code-mixing is the embedding of various linguistic units such as affixes (bound morphemes), words (unbound morphemes), phrases and clauses from a cooperative activity where the participants, in order to in infer what is intended, must reconcile what they hear with what they understand. “
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