LINGUISTICS comments

Capture Of Comments  In Linguistics

Morphology in Linguistics

Morphology

Morphology is the branch of linguistics (and one of the major components of grammar) that studies word structures, especially in terms of morphemes. Adjective: morphological.

Jenis Morphology

1.  Free MorphemesFree morphemes are morphemes that can stand alone being said without having to be bound / attached to the other morpheme. Free morphemes has several basic types, namely verbs, nouns, adjectives, prepositions and more. Example: study (verb), man (noun), kind (adj), on (prep). Free morphemes are divided into two, namely lexical morphemes (open class) and functional morphemes (closed-class).

• Lexical morphemes are morphemes that can stand on its own and it can convey the content of the messages we convey, is divided into three, namely verbs, nouns and adjectives.

Example: read (verb), baby (noun), cool (adj).

•  Functional morphemes are morphemes that can stand on its own but it is not clear that the content will be delivered, divided into four, namely conjunctions, prepositions, Articles, and pronouns.

Example: but (conj), at (prep), the (ARTC), she (pronoun).

2. Bound morphemes (tied)
Bound morphemes are morphemes that can not stand alone but must be bound / attached to the other morpheme. Bound morphemes are divided into two, namely derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes.

•  Derivational morphemes are morphemes that if fastened / affixed to the other morpheme will form morpheme / word that is new or to form words with grammar (lexeme) is different from the previous word. 

In the derivational there are two kinds, which can be found in the beginning of a word (prefixes) or in the end of a word (suffixes), in Indonesian us used to know as affixes (affixes). 

Example: the word beautiful (adj) is derived from the beauty (noun) that receive additional morpheme "ful" which changed the noun into an adjective. 

• Morpheme inflectional morphemes are attached / morpheme attached to another just to identify gramatikanya, not to produce a new word or form words with grammar (lexeme) is different from the previous word. 

Example: word books (noun) is derived from the book (noun), here the book turns into books due to explain that the book polynomial (plural), so it does not change the lexeme of the word, because the word book into books remain on lexeme the same is noun lexeme 

SMANTICS in LINGUISTICS

SMANTICS

Semantics is the study of meaning in language. It can be applied to entire texts or to single words. For example, "destination" and "last stop" technically mean the same thing, but students ofsemantics analyze their subtle shades of meaning. 

Richmond H. Thomason
Semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic expressions. The language can be a natural language, such as English or Navajo, or an artificial language, like a computer programming language. Meaning in natural languages is mainly studied by linguists. In fact, semantics is one of the main branches of contemporary linguistics. Theoretical computer scientists and logicians think about artificial languages. In some areas of computer science, these divisions are crossed. In machine translation, for instance, computer scientists may want to relate natural language texts to abstract representations of their meanings; to do this, they have to design artificial languages for representing meanings. 

Anyone who speaks a language has a truly amazing capacity to reason about the meanings of texts. Take, for instance, the sentence

(S) I can't untie that knot with one hand.

Even though you have probably never seen this sentence, you can easily see things like the following:

1. The sentence is about the abilities of whoever spoke or wrote it. (Call this person the speaker.)
2. It's also about a knot, maybe one that the speaker is pointing at.
3. The sentence denies that the speaker has a certain ability. (This is the contribution of the word ‘can't'.)
4. Untying is a way of making something not tied.
5. The sentence doesn't mean that the knot has one hand; it has to do with how many hands are used to do the untying.

We can simplify the problem a little by saying that, whatever meanings are, we are interested in literal meaning. Often, much more than the meaning of a sentence is conveyed when someone uses it. Suppose that Carol says ‘I have to study’ in answer to ‘Can you go to the movies tonight?’. She means that she has to study that night, and that this is a reason why she can't go to the movies. But the sentence she used literally means only that she has to study. Nonliteral meanings are studied in pragmatics, an area of linguistics that deals with discourse and contextual effects. 
But what is a literal meaning? There are four sorts of answers: (1) you can dodge the question, or (2) appeal to usage, or (3) appeal to psychology, or (4) treat meanings as real objects.


MEANING RELATIONS 
  A word or words not only have the properties or attributes of a but also have the relationships with each other, meaning relations. As well as relate the morphology and semantics. The word is also connected by the nature or meaning of the word in the lexicon.

1. Synonym is a relationship of a word that have different meanings but meliki sama.Tulisannya same meaning.
2. Homophonus an existing relationship between the two words that have the same pronunciation but different meanings. For example, the bank said, referring to the bank of a river against the bank said sulky to financial institutions.
3. Meaning inclusion. There is the example 7 and 8 case 249 is an example of the meaning inclusion. When we combine these words will produce excessive words or waste words. This relationship indicates that although the two words are not synonymous and the meaning of each of them is not appropriate, but the significance they have in common with each other melengakpi and semantic aspects.
4. Antonymous is opposed to the meaning of a word. Example 9 249. But it was not all just the opposite is the opposite sense of the word. As cat and dog, both of these things are always contradictory but that does not mean he berantonim.
5. Semantic field. Although the word is not synonymous selompok but he can explain about the incident so that the same can be referred to as semantic fileds. For example: color terms (red, green, blue, yellow), kinship terms (mother, father, sister, brother). The term semantic field can also be extended by associating the word with a word that has meaning for example the proximity of the "plant names", "animal names", etc. 
   

MEANING PROPERTIES AND RELATIONS 

Previously discussed regarding the two forms of meaning properties and relations of the word ambiguity and synonymy. Now, we will discuss about the properties of sentence that is communicative potential.

property of sentence yaitu communicative potential.

• a. Declarative sentence: merupakan kalimat pernyataan.
• b. Imperative sentence: merupakan kalimat perintah
• c. Interrogative sentence: merupakan kalimat pertanyaan.

 Semantic field, traditionally Generally concentrate on sentence in the which the statement is considered true.

SYNTEX in LINGUISTICS

SYNTEX

"Syntax is the study of the principles and processes by which sentences are constructed in particular languages. Syntactic investigation of a given language has as its goal the construction of a grammar that can be viewed as a device of some sort for producing the sentences of the language under analysis."

For other uses, see Syntax (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Sin tax. See also Syntaxis."Sentence structure" redirects here. For sentence types in traditional grammar, see Sentence clause structure.The point of such understanding is the sentence syntax to review how it is formed and the language using a special variation which allows the forming element in the sentence.

The Role of Syntax in Language

This section is an introduction to syntax in language as far as it is relevant to the content of this book. What I am describing is a simple orthodox view of the grammar of language. Some more complex models are discussed by linguists but these are beyond the scope of this description. This section is included for those readers who would like a brief overview without having to refer separately to a linguistics textbook. Languages have rules. The rules of a language are called the grammar. The reason for these rules is that a person needs to be able to speak an indeterminately large number of sentences in a lifetime. The effort would be impossibly great if each sentence had to be learnt separately.In order for this to work with any degree of success, the rules have to be precise and have to be consistently adhered to. These rules cover such things as: the way words are constructed; the way the endings of words are changed according to context (inflection); the classification of words into parts of speech (nouns, verbs, pronouns, etc.); the way parts of speech are connected together.The rules of grammar do not have to be explicitly understood by the speaker of the language or the listener.

Syntax examples in Linguistic

To make it easier to understand the sense of the syntax of the inventors, should note the following examples:

1. Box
2. That big box
3. That big box are very heavy

Said Box (1) is a word (word), then That big box (2) is a phrase and the last (3) a clause. Since the definition of the word may have been too obvious, so let's continue on phrases (phrase). The phrase made up of several words and then will grow larger into a clause. And the clause is a combination of several words that contain a finite verb that can not be formed in a separate state.The Components of Grammars

The grammar of a language has several components. These can be described as follows:

a) The phonetics that governs the structure of sounds;

b) The morphology that governs the structure of words;

c) The syntax, which governs the structure of sentencesd) 

The semantics that governs the meanings of words and sentences.

The syntax can be described, by the following methods:

1. A statement of the correct sequence of the parts of speech (or Syntactic Categories).

 2. By a series of transformational rules.

3. By parsing diagrams.