SMANTICS in LINGUISTICS

SMANTICS

Semantics is the study of meaning in language. It can be applied to entire texts or to single words. For example, "destination" and "last stop" technically mean the same thing, but students ofsemantics analyze their subtle shades of meaning. 

Richmond H. Thomason
Semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic expressions. The language can be a natural language, such as English or Navajo, or an artificial language, like a computer programming language. Meaning in natural languages is mainly studied by linguists. In fact, semantics is one of the main branches of contemporary linguistics. Theoretical computer scientists and logicians think about artificial languages. In some areas of computer science, these divisions are crossed. In machine translation, for instance, computer scientists may want to relate natural language texts to abstract representations of their meanings; to do this, they have to design artificial languages for representing meanings. 

Anyone who speaks a language has a truly amazing capacity to reason about the meanings of texts. Take, for instance, the sentence

(S) I can't untie that knot with one hand.

Even though you have probably never seen this sentence, you can easily see things like the following:

1. The sentence is about the abilities of whoever spoke or wrote it. (Call this person the speaker.)
2. It's also about a knot, maybe one that the speaker is pointing at.
3. The sentence denies that the speaker has a certain ability. (This is the contribution of the word ‘can't'.)
4. Untying is a way of making something not tied.
5. The sentence doesn't mean that the knot has one hand; it has to do with how many hands are used to do the untying.

We can simplify the problem a little by saying that, whatever meanings are, we are interested in literal meaning. Often, much more than the meaning of a sentence is conveyed when someone uses it. Suppose that Carol says ‘I have to study’ in answer to ‘Can you go to the movies tonight?’. She means that she has to study that night, and that this is a reason why she can't go to the movies. But the sentence she used literally means only that she has to study. Nonliteral meanings are studied in pragmatics, an area of linguistics that deals with discourse and contextual effects. 
But what is a literal meaning? There are four sorts of answers: (1) you can dodge the question, or (2) appeal to usage, or (3) appeal to psychology, or (4) treat meanings as real objects.


MEANING RELATIONS 
  A word or words not only have the properties or attributes of a but also have the relationships with each other, meaning relations. As well as relate the morphology and semantics. The word is also connected by the nature or meaning of the word in the lexicon.

1. Synonym is a relationship of a word that have different meanings but meliki sama.Tulisannya same meaning.
2. Homophonus an existing relationship between the two words that have the same pronunciation but different meanings. For example, the bank said, referring to the bank of a river against the bank said sulky to financial institutions.
3. Meaning inclusion. There is the example 7 and 8 case 249 is an example of the meaning inclusion. When we combine these words will produce excessive words or waste words. This relationship indicates that although the two words are not synonymous and the meaning of each of them is not appropriate, but the significance they have in common with each other melengakpi and semantic aspects.
4. Antonymous is opposed to the meaning of a word. Example 9 249. But it was not all just the opposite is the opposite sense of the word. As cat and dog, both of these things are always contradictory but that does not mean he berantonim.
5. Semantic field. Although the word is not synonymous selompok but he can explain about the incident so that the same can be referred to as semantic fileds. For example: color terms (red, green, blue, yellow), kinship terms (mother, father, sister, brother). The term semantic field can also be extended by associating the word with a word that has meaning for example the proximity of the "plant names", "animal names", etc. 
   

MEANING PROPERTIES AND RELATIONS 

Previously discussed regarding the two forms of meaning properties and relations of the word ambiguity and synonymy. Now, we will discuss about the properties of sentence that is communicative potential.

property of sentence yaitu communicative potential.

• a. Declarative sentence: merupakan kalimat pernyataan.
• b. Imperative sentence: merupakan kalimat perintah
• c. Interrogative sentence: merupakan kalimat pertanyaan.

 Semantic field, traditionally Generally concentrate on sentence in the which the statement is considered true.