Contoh Autobiograpy

Saya mempunyai teman yang bernama Deti Anita , biasa dipanggil deti. Ayah nya bernama Saharudin dan Ibunya bernama Ramnah. Ia anak bungsu dari 3 bersaudara, 1 orang laki-laki dan 2 orang perempuan. Deti di lahirkan di sebuah kota yang bernama Pekanbaru  pada tanggal 31 juli 1997, dan dia dibesarkan oleh kedua orang tuanya disana tepatnya di Kecamatan Marpoyan Damai, Riau. Saya dilahirkan dari keluarga yang sederhana, ayah saya hanyalah seorang pemotong pohon sagu yang bekerja semnjak tamat SD dan sampai sekarang masih melakukan pekerjaan tersebut sedangkan ibu saya seorang ibu rumah tangga. Namun, walaupun kami hidup dengan sederhana tapi kami hidup bahagia. Kedua orang tua kami mendidik mendidik kami dengan baik  dan alhamdulillah kakak-kakak dan abang saya sukses semua dalam belajar menjadi seorang sarjana dari masing-masing universitasnya. Saya bangga akan pengorbanannya dan saya saying dengan mereka. Karena tanpa mereka kami tidak akan pernah tahu seperti apa bentuk dunia ini, tidak akan tahu seperti apa cinta dan kasih sayang darinya, dan tidak akan pernah merasakan yang namanya hidup.

          Hobi Deti membaca novel, mendengarkan musik, joging dan makan.  Makanan kesukaan nya adalah nasi padang.  Dia sangat unik, walaupun ia hanya menyukai olahraga joging, ia sangat senang melihat atletik nasional yang pernah menjuarai dan meraih beberapa medali untuk membela tanah air kita Indonesia dalam beberapa tahun silam. Dari situlah ia mulai tertarik dengan olah raga joging selain untuk kesehatan juga banyak lagi manfaat lain nya.

          Keluarga nya termasuk keluarga yang lumayan taat beribadah, dari kecil ia sudah diajarkan ibunya untuk selalu melaksanakan sholat lima waktu. Waktu kecil dan sampai sekarang setiap azan datang, ibu nya selalu cerewet menyuruh nya segera melaksanakan sholat karena ibu nya mengatakan jika melalaikan sholat berarti kita tidak menuruti tiang agama Islam dan termasuk kedalam golongan orang-orang kafir. Ketika usia nya memasuki 5 tahun orang tua nya menyuruh kakak nya yang pertama untuk membawa nya kesekolah SD agar ia bisa belajar. 

          Sekitar usia nya menginjak 5 tahun setengah ia langsung menduduki bangku SD, mungkin sebagian orang berfikir kenapa tidak pada umur 6 tahun? Padahal pada umumnya anak-anak disekolahkan untuk memasuki Sekolah Dasar pada usia 6 tahun. Itu dikarenakan ia sudah bisa membaca dan berhitung dan kakak nya mengatakan ia sudah layak memasuki Sekolah Dasar dikota nya sendiri. Saat itu ia bersekolah di SDN 25 Pekanbaru. Selama sekolah di sana ia pernah mendapat peringkat 1 dan ia mendapatkan peringkat 2 sebanyak 2 kali. Deti  berangkat kesekolah tidak diantar oleh orang tua nya, tapi ia berangkat dan pulang sekolah bersama kakak nya. Karena waktu itu, orang tuanya setelah sholat subuh mereka berangkat untuk bekerja dan tidak sempat untuk mengantarkan iakesekolah.

          Akhirnya pada tahun 2007  Deti lulus sekolah dasar dan melanjutkan ke jenjang yang lebih tinggi pada tahun tersebut. Dia  memilih melanjutkan pendidikan ke SMPN 3 yang masih berada di kota Pekanbaru. Pada hari pertama saya masuk, saya sangat canggung dikarenakan jumlah siswa yang lebih banyak dari jumlah siswa waktu ia sekolah dasar tentunya memiliki karakter dan tingkah laku yang beragam dan tidak semua orang baik disana. Berbagai macam karakter orang yang telah ia temui. Sepeti pemerasan, pemaksaan, dan perokok. Pada umumnya mereka berangkat kesekolah menggunakan motor milik orang tuanya, ada juga yang menggunakan sepeda dan berjalan kaki termasuk ia sendiri. Dia kadang-kadang diantar oleh abang nya menggunakan motornya, karena saat itu ia sekolah sambil berdagang . Pulang sekolah ia berjalan kaki bersama teman-teman dengan membawakan dagangan nya, jarak sekolah kerumah nya lumayan jauh. Setelah kelas 2 SMP ia dibelikan sepeda, ia berangkat sekeloah dengan menggunakan sepeda yang begitu cantik dari orang tua nya. Terkadang ia mengeluh karena uang jajan yang dikasih ibunya hanyalah seribu sampai 2 ribu rupiah, tidak seperti teman-teman lainnya dengan uang jajan yang di kasih orang tuanya begitu besar. Terkadang ia juga iri melihat teman-teman disekolah makan sesuka hati tanpa mengkhawatirkan uangnya habis. Namun ia tidak seperti mereka yang kebutuhannya mencukupi. Walaupun demikian ia tidak pernah menuntut ibunya untuk memberikan uang jajan seperti mereka, karena ia mengerti akan keadaan ekonomi pada waktu itu. Deti  juga tidak pernah bolos atau merengek karena uang jajan yang dikasih ibunya sangatlah kurang bagi nya, karena ia tahu masih banyak orang diluar sana yang lebih serba kekurangan dari pada keluarga nya. Bahkan ada diantara mereka yang tidak mendapatkan pendidikan sama sekali, walaupun sekolah gratis tapi orang tua mereka tidak sanggup untuk membelikan baju seragam beserta buku dan alat tulis untuk anaknya. Oleh karenanya ia selalu bersyukur kepada yang Maha Kuasa karena diberi kesempatan untuk mendapatkan pendidikan yang lebih tinggi. Alhamdulillah ia di SMP pernah mendapat peringkat 3 dan 10 besar seperti peringkat 5, 6, dan 7. Di sekolah, ia pernah menjadi anggota OSIS yang menjabat sebagai bendahara OSIS dan ia juga ikut menjadi anggota pramuka yang semenjak dari SD yang ia jalani.

          Pada tahu 2010 alhamdulillah ia lulus dari SMPN 3 Pekanbaru dan mengambil jenjang yang lebih tinggi lagi. Deti  memilih SMA Negeri 2 Pekanbaru. Alasan ia kenapa memilih sekolah disana karna sekolah tersebut merupakan salah satu sekolah yang terkenal di Kota Pekanbaru. Lama perjalanan dari rumah kesekolah sekitar setengah jam dengan melewati  jalan raya yang sangat ramai kendaraan melintas. Beberapa kali ia pernah mengalami kecelakaan melewati jalan tersebut ketika berangkat kesekolah maupun pulang sekolah. Walau demikian, itu tidak menurunkan semangat nya untuk menuntut ilmu disana.

Sewaktu kelas 1 SMA ia mengikuti ekstra musik yg salah satu ia gemari. Setiap minggunya ia melaksanakan latihan bersama teman-teman nya yang didampingi oleh kakak senior. Beberapa dari kakak senior memanggil nama nya dengan sebutan Anita. Namun, setelah ia naik ke kelas 2 ekstra tersebut tidak pernah aktif lagi. dia berhasil mengambil jurusan IPA setelah kenaikan kelas tersebut. dikelas 2 ia memiliki teman-teman yang penuh kekompakan satu sama lainnya. Sampai suatu ketika, mereka bermain karet didalam kelas ketika guru tidak masuk. Hampir satu kelas yang ikut bermain karet meskipun mereka main tidak menggunakan taruhan. Setelah beberapa lama mereka bermain karet, akhirnya mereka tertangkap basah oleh kesiswaan. Mereka  dihukum satu kelas, dan yang pernah ikut main karet nama-namanya dimasukkan ke buku kasus. Tapi setalah itu mereka tidak mengulanginya lagi.

Pada tanggal 12 April 2012 di kelas tiga SMA ia melaksanakan ujian nasional (UN). ia ketakutan menghadapi ujian ini, karena ini merupakan ujian yang menentukan masa depan nya. Oleh Karen itu, seminggu sebelum UN dilaksanakan ia benar-benar belajar dengan sungguh-sungguh. Karena ia tidak ingin mengecewakan kedua orang tua nya yang telah bersusah payah menyekolahkan nya sampai sekarang dengan ikhlas tanpa mengharapkan belas kasihan apapun dari anaknya. Yang selalu menyayangi dan memberikan yang terbaik untuk anaknya. Maka dari itu ia harus memberikan yang terbaik untuk mereka terutama pada ibunya yang telah mengandung nya selama 9 bulan dengan mempertaruhkan nyawanya demi keselamatan anaknya. Yang telah menyusui dan membesarkan ia dengan penuh kasih sayang yang mana sampai saat ini ia tidak akan bisa membalas semua itu. Tapi deti akan lakukan yang terbaik untuk membalas semua jasa yang telah diberikan kepada nya dan ia anggap jasa yang telah diberikan selama ini kepada nya merupakan hutang yang harus ia lunasi kepada ibunya.

Setelah ujian nasional selesai,mereka mendapat berita bahwa dari salah satu teman nya meninggal dunia mereka sangat terpukul dengan kepergiannya, karena begitu banyak kenangan yang mereka lalui bersamanya penuh suka dan duka. Pada tanggal 2 mei 2013 yang mana pada hari itu kelulusan nya diumumkan lewat sebuah amplop dari sekolah sebelum ia menerima amplop tersebut ia berdo’a di dalam hati agar diberi kelulusan dengan nilai yang sesuai kemampuan ia. Deti merasa takut, cemas namun ia penasaran untuk membukanya jantung nya mulai berdebaar kencang. Melihat teman-teman sekolah sudah membuka amplopnya semuanya bergembira, tapi ada beberapa teman angkatan pula yang harus menerima kenyataan pahit serta kekecewaan. Hal itu membuat nya semakin ketakutan. Lalu ketika ia menerima amplop tersebut dari wali kelas jantung nya semakin kencang berdebar, perlahan ia membukanya dengan membaca bismillah dan berdo’a kepada Allah sambil berharap diluluskan. Setelah mengetahui isi amplop tersebut, alhamdulillah akhirnya semua perasaan itu lega, utang nya kepada ibunya sedikit demi sedikit berkurang karena ia lulus ujian nasional. Dia sangat bersyukur karena Allah SWT telah menjawab do’a nya, tidak sabar dia ingin membagi kebahagiaan ini kepada orang tua nya. Dia segera pulang menemui orang tuanya dan memberi tahunya bahwa ia lulus dan itu membuat orang tua nya terharu. Sorenya ia kembali bergabung bersama teman-teman untuk merayakannya. Mereka pergi ke tempat perkumpulan semua sekolah seperti SMA, SMK, dan MA. Kebanyakan orang disana mengecat baju seragam mereka dengan berbagai pola hiasan. Namun ia tidak karena kepala sekolah melarang mereka untuk mengecat baju. Jadi ia lebih memilih untuk menyumbangkan seragam nya kepada junior nya karena ia yakin banyak adik-adik disekolah yang membutuhkan seragam nya, dan juga dia paham bagaimana orang tua bersusah payah untuk melengkapi kebutuhan sekolah anaknya.

deti sangat ingin sekali melanjutkan ke jenjang yang lebih tinggi lagi yaitu melanjutkan ke perguruan tinggi negeri. Sewaktu SMA saya mengikuti program SNMPTN saya mendaftarkan diri di Universitas Negeri Riau. Namun Allah belum berkehendak lain, ia tak mau putus asa. Setelah SNMPTN berlalu, ada lagi program SBMPTN yang ia ikuti. dia berusaha dan berdo’a agar ia bisa diterima di universitas negeri. Tapi tetap Allah belum berkehendak. Akhirnya ia mengikuti SPMB di Universitas Lancang Kuning dengan jurusanFkip Bahasa Inggris. Deti terus berusaha dan berdo’a dan Allah pun mengabulkan do’a nya. Deti lulus di jurusan itu. dia sangat bersyukur atas semua karunia yang diberikan oleh Allah SWT. Dia tidak akan mampu melakukannya sendirian tanpa dukungan kedua orang tua nya, kaka-kakak dan teman-teman yang selalu member semangat ia untuk terus berusaha. Dia juga berterima kasih yang sangat dalam sekali kepada Universitas Unilak yang ia cintai yang telah memberi ia kesempatan untuk bisa kuliah disana. Dia akan terus berusaha demi sebuah kesuksessan nya dari sekarang dan untuk masa depan yang akan datang.

 

 Prosa adalah suatu jenis tulisan yang dibedakan dengan puisi karena variasi ritme yang dimilikinya lebih besar, serta bahasanya yang lebih sesuai dengan arti leksikalnya. Kata prosa berasal dari bahasa Latin "prosa" yang artinya "terus terang". Jenis tulisan prosa biasanya digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan suatu fakta atau ide. Karenanya, prosa dapat digunakan untuk surat kabar, majalah, novel, ensiklopedia, surat, serta berbagai jenis media lainnya.prosa juga dibagi dalam dua bagian,yaitu prosa lama dan prosa baru,prosa lama adalah prosa bahasa indonesia yang belum terpengaruhi budaya barat,dan prosa baru ialah prosa yangdikarang bebas tanpa aturan apa pun.

 

 

 

1. Prosa lama

Prosa lama adalah sebuah karya sastra yang belum mendapat pengaruh dari kebudayaan barat. Pada awalnya prosa lama berbentuk lisan karena belum ditemukannya alat tulis menulis. Namun, kini prosa lama juga dapat ditemukan dalam bentuk tulisan. Adapun bentuk-bentuk prosa lama, diantaranya adalah:

1. Hikayat
2. Sejarah (Tambo)
3. Kisah
4. Dongeng a. Myth (Mitos)
   b. Legenda
   c. Fabel
   d. Sage
   e. Jenaka atau Pandir

2. Prosa Baru

Prosa baru adalah bentuk prosa yang muncul setelah mendapat pengaruh dari budaya-budaya asing atau barat. Bentuk prosa ini muncul setelah prosa lama dianggap telah kuno. Bentuk-bentuk prosa baru antara lain: 

      1. Roman
      2. Novel
      3. Cerpen
      4. Riwayat
      5. Kritik
      6. Resensi
      7. Esai

Psychology in Linguistics

                            Psychology

Psychology is a science and applied science that studies the human behavior and mental function scientifically. Practitioners in the field of psychology called psychologists. The psychologists are trying to study the role of mental functions in individual and group behavior, as well as learn more about the physiological and neurobiological processes that underlie behavior.

Did you know that language as an object of study turns out to attract a wide range of experts from various disciplines. Many psychologists are interested to learn the language in depth. However, on the contrary many linguists who also had to study psychology so that his understanding of language as an object of study is getting to be good. It was not surprising because language can indeed be studied psychology and obviously can become a study of linguistics. Therefore, experts from both disciplines and together make the language as an object of study.

Edward Sapir and a scholar of the American Anthropological Linguistics early 20th century has included psychology in the study of language. According to Sapir, psychology can provide a solid foundation for the study of language. Sapir also has tried to examine the relationship of language to mind. The conclusion is that language affects the human mind. Linguistics according to Sapir can make an important contribution to the gestalt psychology and vice versa, gestalt psychology can contribute to linguistics.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Bloomfield, a linguist from the United States are affected by two opposing schools of psychology in analyzing the language. At first, he was heavily influenced by the psychology of mentalism and then switch on the psychology of behaviorism. Due to the influence of mentalism,

Bloomfield found that language is an expression of experience born of emotional pressure is very strong. Due to the strong emotional pressure, eg, the emergence of the sentence appeal.

 

For example:

Ouch, it hurts, Mom!

Fire, fire, please, please!

Pickpockets, muggers!

Watch out, step aside!

Because someone wants to communicate, comes the declarative sentences. For example: Mother is sick today. Dad is now helping mom in the kitchen. Many bank employees affected by layoffs. The workers are now on strike.
Because of the desire to communicate was exchanged into the actual use of communication, then mucullah sentence form of a question.

For example: 

Did you hurt?
 
Who is the fourth president of the Republic of Indonesia?

Why the people of Indonesia have turned into people irritable? 

What is the meaning of liquidation?

Do you know the meaning of resignation Keprabon?

Since 1925, Bloomfield left mentalism and start using behaviorism and apply it to the theory of language which is now well known structural linguistics or linguistic taxonomy.


Structural Flow Linguistics or Taxonomy Flow Linguistics Definition :
Flow structural is a designation given to understand language, which is based on the idea Behavioristik, so with constituted to understand behavioristik nature of language is seen from the embodiment outward, so in the taxonomy of grammar compiled from the level of the lowest form of phoneme, morpheme, phrase, clause, until the level of the highest in the form of a sentence.

From the explanation of the above theory is what makes me interested to know the psychology of linguistics. I am interested to know someone's personality just from the language that passed her. 

STRUCTURE

QOUTED SPEECH

Qouted speech is also called direct speech.

 Qouted speech refers to reprodicing words exactly as they were originally spoken.

Qoutation mark (".....") are used.

STRUCTURE

NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH THAT

Statement         

•  He is a good actor
• The world is round

Noun Clause      

1. I think that he is a good actor
2. I think he is a good actor
3. We know (that) the world is round

In (1) : that he is a good actor is a noun clause. It is used as the object of the verb think.
The word that, when it introduces a noun clause, has no meaning in itself. It simply marks the beginning of the clause. Frequently it is omitted , as in (2), especially in speaking (if used in speaking, it is unstressed.)

Statement

• She dosen't understand spoken English
• The world is round

Noun Clause

1. That she dosen't understand spoken English is obvious
2. It obvious (that) she dosen't understand spoken English
3. That the workd is round is a fact
4. It is a fact that the world is round

In (1) : The noun clause (That she dosen't understanding spoken English) is the subject of the sentence. The word that is not omitted when it introduces a noun clause used as the subject of a sentence, as in (1) and (3).
More commonly, the word it funtions as the subject and the noun clause is placed at the end of the sentence, as in (2) and (4).

LINGUISTICS comments

Capture Of Comments  In Linguistics

Morphology in Linguistics

Morphology

Morphology is the branch of linguistics (and one of the major components of grammar) that studies word structures, especially in terms of morphemes. Adjective: morphological.

Jenis Morphology

1.  Free MorphemesFree morphemes are morphemes that can stand alone being said without having to be bound / attached to the other morpheme. Free morphemes has several basic types, namely verbs, nouns, adjectives, prepositions and more. Example: study (verb), man (noun), kind (adj), on (prep). Free morphemes are divided into two, namely lexical morphemes (open class) and functional morphemes (closed-class).

• Lexical morphemes are morphemes that can stand on its own and it can convey the content of the messages we convey, is divided into three, namely verbs, nouns and adjectives.

Example: read (verb), baby (noun), cool (adj).

•  Functional morphemes are morphemes that can stand on its own but it is not clear that the content will be delivered, divided into four, namely conjunctions, prepositions, Articles, and pronouns.

Example: but (conj), at (prep), the (ARTC), she (pronoun).

2. Bound morphemes (tied)
Bound morphemes are morphemes that can not stand alone but must be bound / attached to the other morpheme. Bound morphemes are divided into two, namely derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes.

•  Derivational morphemes are morphemes that if fastened / affixed to the other morpheme will form morpheme / word that is new or to form words with grammar (lexeme) is different from the previous word. 

In the derivational there are two kinds, which can be found in the beginning of a word (prefixes) or in the end of a word (suffixes), in Indonesian us used to know as affixes (affixes). 

Example: the word beautiful (adj) is derived from the beauty (noun) that receive additional morpheme "ful" which changed the noun into an adjective. 

• Morpheme inflectional morphemes are attached / morpheme attached to another just to identify gramatikanya, not to produce a new word or form words with grammar (lexeme) is different from the previous word. 

Example: word books (noun) is derived from the book (noun), here the book turns into books due to explain that the book polynomial (plural), so it does not change the lexeme of the word, because the word book into books remain on lexeme the same is noun lexeme 

SMANTICS in LINGUISTICS

SMANTICS

Semantics is the study of meaning in language. It can be applied to entire texts or to single words. For example, "destination" and "last stop" technically mean the same thing, but students ofsemantics analyze their subtle shades of meaning. 

Richmond H. Thomason
Semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic expressions. The language can be a natural language, such as English or Navajo, or an artificial language, like a computer programming language. Meaning in natural languages is mainly studied by linguists. In fact, semantics is one of the main branches of contemporary linguistics. Theoretical computer scientists and logicians think about artificial languages. In some areas of computer science, these divisions are crossed. In machine translation, for instance, computer scientists may want to relate natural language texts to abstract representations of their meanings; to do this, they have to design artificial languages for representing meanings. 

Anyone who speaks a language has a truly amazing capacity to reason about the meanings of texts. Take, for instance, the sentence

(S) I can't untie that knot with one hand.

Even though you have probably never seen this sentence, you can easily see things like the following:

1. The sentence is about the abilities of whoever spoke or wrote it. (Call this person the speaker.)
2. It's also about a knot, maybe one that the speaker is pointing at.
3. The sentence denies that the speaker has a certain ability. (This is the contribution of the word ‘can't'.)
4. Untying is a way of making something not tied.
5. The sentence doesn't mean that the knot has one hand; it has to do with how many hands are used to do the untying.

We can simplify the problem a little by saying that, whatever meanings are, we are interested in literal meaning. Often, much more than the meaning of a sentence is conveyed when someone uses it. Suppose that Carol says ‘I have to study’ in answer to ‘Can you go to the movies tonight?’. She means that she has to study that night, and that this is a reason why she can't go to the movies. But the sentence she used literally means only that she has to study. Nonliteral meanings are studied in pragmatics, an area of linguistics that deals with discourse and contextual effects. 
But what is a literal meaning? There are four sorts of answers: (1) you can dodge the question, or (2) appeal to usage, or (3) appeal to psychology, or (4) treat meanings as real objects.


MEANING RELATIONS 
  A word or words not only have the properties or attributes of a but also have the relationships with each other, meaning relations. As well as relate the morphology and semantics. The word is also connected by the nature or meaning of the word in the lexicon.

1. Synonym is a relationship of a word that have different meanings but meliki sama.Tulisannya same meaning.
2. Homophonus an existing relationship between the two words that have the same pronunciation but different meanings. For example, the bank said, referring to the bank of a river against the bank said sulky to financial institutions.
3. Meaning inclusion. There is the example 7 and 8 case 249 is an example of the meaning inclusion. When we combine these words will produce excessive words or waste words. This relationship indicates that although the two words are not synonymous and the meaning of each of them is not appropriate, but the significance they have in common with each other melengakpi and semantic aspects.
4. Antonymous is opposed to the meaning of a word. Example 9 249. But it was not all just the opposite is the opposite sense of the word. As cat and dog, both of these things are always contradictory but that does not mean he berantonim.
5. Semantic field. Although the word is not synonymous selompok but he can explain about the incident so that the same can be referred to as semantic fileds. For example: color terms (red, green, blue, yellow), kinship terms (mother, father, sister, brother). The term semantic field can also be extended by associating the word with a word that has meaning for example the proximity of the "plant names", "animal names", etc. 
   

MEANING PROPERTIES AND RELATIONS 

Previously discussed regarding the two forms of meaning properties and relations of the word ambiguity and synonymy. Now, we will discuss about the properties of sentence that is communicative potential.

property of sentence yaitu communicative potential.

• a. Declarative sentence: merupakan kalimat pernyataan.
• b. Imperative sentence: merupakan kalimat perintah
• c. Interrogative sentence: merupakan kalimat pertanyaan.

 Semantic field, traditionally Generally concentrate on sentence in the which the statement is considered true.

SYNTEX in LINGUISTICS

SYNTEX

"Syntax is the study of the principles and processes by which sentences are constructed in particular languages. Syntactic investigation of a given language has as its goal the construction of a grammar that can be viewed as a device of some sort for producing the sentences of the language under analysis."

For other uses, see Syntax (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Sin tax. See also Syntaxis."Sentence structure" redirects here. For sentence types in traditional grammar, see Sentence clause structure.The point of such understanding is the sentence syntax to review how it is formed and the language using a special variation which allows the forming element in the sentence.

The Role of Syntax in Language

This section is an introduction to syntax in language as far as it is relevant to the content of this book. What I am describing is a simple orthodox view of the grammar of language. Some more complex models are discussed by linguists but these are beyond the scope of this description. This section is included for those readers who would like a brief overview without having to refer separately to a linguistics textbook. Languages have rules. The rules of a language are called the grammar. The reason for these rules is that a person needs to be able to speak an indeterminately large number of sentences in a lifetime. The effort would be impossibly great if each sentence had to be learnt separately.In order for this to work with any degree of success, the rules have to be precise and have to be consistently adhered to. These rules cover such things as: the way words are constructed; the way the endings of words are changed according to context (inflection); the classification of words into parts of speech (nouns, verbs, pronouns, etc.); the way parts of speech are connected together.The rules of grammar do not have to be explicitly understood by the speaker of the language or the listener.

Syntax examples in Linguistic

To make it easier to understand the sense of the syntax of the inventors, should note the following examples:

1. Box
2. That big box
3. That big box are very heavy

Said Box (1) is a word (word), then That big box (2) is a phrase and the last (3) a clause. Since the definition of the word may have been too obvious, so let's continue on phrases (phrase). The phrase made up of several words and then will grow larger into a clause. And the clause is a combination of several words that contain a finite verb that can not be formed in a separate state.The Components of Grammars

The grammar of a language has several components. These can be described as follows:

a) The phonetics that governs the structure of sounds;

b) The morphology that governs the structure of words;

c) The syntax, which governs the structure of sentencesd) 

The semantics that governs the meanings of words and sentences.

The syntax can be described, by the following methods:

1. A statement of the correct sequence of the parts of speech (or Syntactic Categories).

 2. By a series of transformational rules.

3. By parsing diagrams.

PHONOLOGY in LINGUISTICS

Phonology (Pho-nol-o-gy)

Definition:

Phonology is the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages.The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and totacit rules governing pronunciation and the sound system of a language; the phonology of English.

Discussion:

The phonological system of a language includes.

• an inventory of sound and their feature.

• rules which specify how sound interact with each other.

Phonology is just one of several aspeccts of language. it is related to other aspect such as Phonetics, Morphology,Syntex, and Pragmatics.Here is a illustration that show the place of Phonology in an interacting hierarchy of lecels in linguistics.

Comparison:

Phonology and Phonetics

Phonetics …	Phonology …
Is the basis for phonological analysis.	Is the basis for further work in morphology, syntax, discourse, and orthography design.
Analyzes the production of all human speech sounds, regardless of language.	Analyzes the sound patterns of a particular language by determining which phonetic sounds are significant, and explaining how these sounds are interpreted by the native speaker.

Modals Of Phonology:

Diffrent modals of phonology contribute to our knowladgeof phonological representation and processes:

• In Classical Phonemics,phonemes and thier possible combinatiousare central.

• In Standart Generative Phonology, distinctive feature are central. a stream of speechis portrayed as sequence sound-segments. each segment is composed of simultaneously occuring feature.

• In Non-Linear of Phonology, a stream of speech is respresented as multidimensional, not simply as linear sequence of sound segments, these non-linear modals grew out of generative phonology.

1. autosegment phonology

1. metrical phonology

1. lixical phonology